PATHOGENIC FUNGI: TAXONOMY, VIRULENCE, AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Abstract

Pathogenic fungi are increasingly important in clinical and public health, with species like Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, and dermatophytes causing disease. They range from superficial infections of skin and nails to severe systemic illness in immunocompromised patients. Their virulence relies on biofilm formation, enzyme production, and thermal dimorphism. Advances in diagnostics and antifungal testing have improved treatment, yet resistance to azoles and echinocandins is rising. Prevention depends on host immunity, careful antifungal use, and environmental monitoring. Continued research is essential to reduce their impact.